WHAT IS CANCER AND HOW CANCER CELLS FORM

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells that can affect the functions of normal cells and tissues. While cancer is mainly known to be associated with humans, our beloved pets also develop cancer.

By improving our pets’ living environment and diet, we have increased their lifespan. However, this has also led to an increased risk of cancer development. For example, several studies from across the globe demonstrate that, as dogs age, their chances of forming cancer increase. But researchers indicate that cancer risk also depends on the dog’s breed, size, and gender. Similar risk factors exist for cats, but common cancer types may differ between dogs and cats. No matter the cancer type, the science behind the formation of cancer cells is the same in cats and dogs. 

How do cancer cells form?

Cancer cells arise due to changes in the genetic machinery within the cell, making cancer the most common of genetic diseases. The changes may occur in one cell or a group of cells and can result from one or more of the following:

• • Errors that happen while a cell divides
  • Damage to DNA because of harmful substances in the environment (like smoke or sun exposure)
  • Inherited genetic defects

Every type of cancer begins with one or more gene changes, resulting in mutations. These mutations can change the workings of the cell, preventing it from producing its normal proteins or leading to the formation of abnormal proteins. Typically, the body will eliminate damaged cells. But when the affected proteins are involved in either cell growth or death, the mutations can make the cells resistant to naturally occurring death and cause the cells to multiply uncontrollably. Unregulated cell growth is more likely as the body ages and the mechanisms to eliminate the damaged cells weaken.

Rapid and uncontrolled cell growth can lead to a mass of abnormal cells called a tumor (although this is unlikely in blood cancer). Tumors may be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A benign tumor can grow but cannot spread to other body areas. In contrast, a malignant tumor can break off from the primary site and spread to other places in the body in a process called metastasis. Cancer can develop in almost any body area, including in the blood and tissues such as muscle, bones, fat, and nerves.

Despite the incidence of cancer, careful attention to your pet’s health and behaviors, and regular check-ups with your vet, will ensure an early diagnosis and proper care for your pet.